VAGINISMUS AND DYSPAREUNIA IN THE MIDDLE EAST: CULTURAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES

Vaginismus and dyspareunia are prevalent yet underreported sexual dysfunctions affecting women in the Middle East, significantly impacting marital satisfaction and personal well-being. Both conditions are influenced by biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, necessitating a biopsychosexual approach to treatment. This paper explores vaginismus (involuntary vaginal muscle spasms preventing penetration) and dyspareunia (pain during intercourse), emphasizing the role of cultural norms, traditional gender roles, and societal expectations within marriage. Biological factors such as hormonal imbalances, chronic medical conditions, and physical trauma are discussed alongside psychological issues like anxiety, fear, past trauma, and inadequate sexual education. Social influences—including religious teachings, family pressure, and societal taboos—further complicate women's experiences. Shame and guilt often deter women from seeking timely care, highlighting the importance of ethical, confidential, and culturally sensitive healthcare. Effective treatment strategies integrate medical interventions, cognitive-behavioral therapy, pelvic floor therapy, and culturally competent sexual health education. The paper advocates increased awareness, sexual health education, and policy reforms to address sexual health holistically, reduce stigma, and improve healthcare access, ultimately empowering women and fostering healthier relationships in the Middle Eastern context.